The article is devoted to the study of the lexical-semantic group of “sound verbs” in the works of F. I. Tyutchev. During the analysis of the functioning of sound verbs in the poet’s poems, their frequent use was established: the author used sound verbs in 72 out of 281 poetic works. The analysis of the text of the work allowed us to identify the main functions of sound verbs in the texts of Tyutchev’s poems: personification, creation of a special rhythm of the text, expansion of the lexical potential of verbs.

Keywords: verbs of sounding, function of the verbs, poetry, F. I. Tyutchev.

Данная статья посвящена изучению лексико-семантической группы «звукоподражательные глаголы» в произведениях Ф. И. Тютчева. В ходе анализа функционирования звукоподражательных глаголов в поэтическом творчестве автора было установлено их частое использование: автор использовал такие глаголы в 72 из 281 поэтических произведений. Анализ текста позволил выявить основные функции этих глаголов в поэзии Тютчева: они служат для олицетворения, создания особого ритма текста и расширения лексического потенциала глаголов.

Ключевые слова: звукоподражательные глаголы, функции глаголов, поэзия, Ф. И. Тютчев.

Under the concept of the sound picture of the world in linguistics, it is understood as «the world modeled in terms of sound recreated by the writer [1]».. This article focuses on the analysis of the composition and semantics of the lexical-semantic group of sounding verbs. When classifying these verbs, various features are considered, such as the source of the sound, its quality or loudness, and the use of sounding verbs in literal and figurative meanings. According to M. F. Palevskaya, the lexical-semantic field of sounding includes two lexical-grammatical groups of verbs: sounding verbs and speech verbs [2]. L. M. Vasilev holds a different view, highlighting only speech verbs [3, p. 22]. Based on denotative content, M. A. Balasanyan identifies three main lexical-semantic groups of sounding verbs: 1) verbs denoting sounds produced by inanimate objects; 2) verbs denoting sounds produced by living creatures; 3) verbs denoting sounds produced by humans. In this work, we will adhere to M. F. Palevskaya's classification, analyzing in the texts of Fyodor Tikhonovich Tyutchev's poems the sounding verbs and speech verbs.

During the analysis of the functioning of sound verbs in the poetic works of the poet, it was established that F. I. Tyutchev often uses verbs related to the lexical-semantic group 'sound verbs': the author used sound verbs in 72 poetic works out of 281. As a result of the analysis of F. I. Tyutchev's collection of poems, 65 lexemes related to the lexical-semantic group 'sound verbs' were identified. The number of occurrences of these verbs amounted to 120 examples.

The most frequent sound verb in F. I. Tyutchev's poems is the verb 'to sing,' which is used 12 times. In the poem 'The Day Was Dying' from 1834, the verb 'to sing' is used in a figurative sense, denoting the sound of flowing water: 'The day was dying / The river sang more clearly / In the dimmed shores.' In this poem, the verb 'sang' performs the function of personification, endowing the inanimate object with the qualities of the animate.

The verb «to make noise» is used by F. I. Tyutchev nine times. Notably, the poet employs this verb of sound only in combination with inanimate objects: branches, waves, river, etc. For example, in the poem «Neman» (1848), «The banners cheerfully made noise» [4, p. 187], and in the work «How he loved the native firs» (1849), the branches of the trees rustle: «How melodiously they made noise / Their branches over his head» [4, p. 187]. In these contexts, the verb «to make noise» also functions as personification.

Among the verbs related to sensory perception, the verbs «to laugh» and «to shout» hold particular significance in F. I. Turgenev's poetry. The poem «You, my sea wave», 1852, became the first work in a cycle dedicated to F. I. Turgenev by Elena Denisyeva. In this poem, the poet compares the girl to a sea wave, personifying the traits of the beloved through descriptions of the marine element: «Are you laughing in the sun / Reflecting the sky’s vault / Or are you tossing and breaking / In the wild abyss of waters» [4, p. 184]. Also, in this poem, the verb «laughing» is used to create symmetry in the text: «Are you laughing in the sun / Reflecting the sky’s vault / Or are you tossing and breaking / In the wild abyss of waters» [4, p. 184]. The sounding verb «to chuckle» is also used by the poet to personify Spring and to build the poem’s rhythm: «Winter still grumbles / And scolds at Spring / But she laughs in its face / And only grows louder» [4, p. 135]. The analyzed poem is saturated with sound verbs that vividly characterize two lyrical heroines: Winter and Spring. Winter is depicted as grumpy, in contrast to Spring, which is laughing and noisy. Thus, in the analyzed poem, sound verbs fulfill three functions: 1) personification, 2) opposition, and 3) the construction of the poem’s rhythm.

In the poem «Slavs» (1867), F. I. Turgenev uses two sound verbs related to sensory perception at the very beginning of the work, thereby setting the tone for the entire poem: «They shout, they threaten / Here we will push the Slavs against the wall» [4, p. 234]. The placement of these emotive sound verbs is crucial for the poem's semantics, emphasizing the emotional intensity and conflict conveyed from the outset.

The lexical-semantic category of «sound verbs» also includes the verb «to pray», which is somewhat ambiguous. Our analysis considers the inclusion of this verb essential, as in F. I. Turgenev's works, the semantics of «to pray» can be equated with that of «to call» or «to invoke». This semantic overlap influences the interpretation of the poem’s emotional and spiritual undertones.

The poem «Vostok belyel. Ladyaga katilas’…" was written by F. I. Tyutchev in the early 1830s and was first published in the journal «Sovremennik», Volume IV, in 1836. The author dedicated this poetry to his wife, Ernestina Fyodorovna. The poem describes a girl praying to God: «The East was blushing… She was praying / With her curls brushed back / The prayer was breathing on her lips / The sky's eyes were rejoicing» [4, p. 123]. In this case, the verb of sounding is used in a literal sense. F. I. Tyutchev emphasizes the sincerity of the heroine's prayer through a metaphor — «the prayer was breathing on her lips».

There are noteworthy cases of F. I. Tyutchev's use of sound verbs with semantics related to the instability of sound. For example, in the poem «Skald's Harp», the author employs a metaphorical device, using the sound verb in a figurative sense: «Suddenly, a wondrous chime trembled in the string» [4, p. 122]. According to D. N. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary, «trepetat'" (to tremble) means «to begin to tremble; to be covered with a slight shiver» [5]. Thanks to the metaphorical use of the sound verb, a semantic shift occurs — the character of the ringing is described as similar to trembling.

As a result of the conducted research into the poetic heritage of F. I. Tyutchev, we identified 65 lexemes with the meaning of «sound verbs». The analysis of the texts allowed us to determine the main functions of sound verbs in the author's poetic works:

1. The most frequent function of sound verbs in Tyutchev's texts is the personification of inanimate objects;
2. Antithesis, expressed through the use of opposite sound verbs, is employed by Tyutchev to create contrast within the poetic text;
3. The use of sound verbs in Tyutchev's poems can establish a special rhythm in the poetic composition. For example, in the poem «Winter is not in vain angry…», this contributes to making the poem musical, expanding the boundaries of the textual space, filling it with the noise and hum of nature, and affecting the strings of the reader's soul;
4. Thanks to the process of metaphorization, sound verbs undergo a semantic shift, and a phrase, phraseological unit, or verbal construction acquires a new meaning or a new shade of meaning.

References:

1. Mansurova, A. V. Poetics of Sound-Forming in the Lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov: Abstract of Candidate’s Dissertation in Philology / A. V. Mansurova. — Tomsk, 2004. — 18 pages.
2. Quoted in Balasanyan, M. A. The Question of the Connection between Sound Verbs and Verbs of Other Lexico-Semantic Groups [Electronic resource] // Scientific Electronic Library «CyberLeninka». — URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vopros-o-svyazi-glagolov-zvuchaniya-s-glagolami-drugih-leksiko-semanticheskih-grupp?ysclid=lums3spj3e172309528 (Accessed: 03.03.2025).
3. Vasilev, L. M. Semantics of the Russian Verb: Verbs of Speech, Sound, and Behavior. Textbook / L. M. Vasilev. — Ufa: Bashkir State University, 1981. — 22 pages.
4. Tyutchev, F. I. Complete Collection of Poems / Compiled, prepared text and notes by A. A. Nikolaev. — Leningrad: Soviet Writer, 1987. — 448 pages.
5. Ushakov, D. N. The Contemporary Russian Language Dictionary of the Active Vocabulary: [over 110,000 words] / D. N. Ushakov; edited by N. F. Tatyanchenko. — Moscow: Alta-Press, 2005. — 1207 pages. — ISBN 5–93383–017–8.